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\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside,numbers=withenddot]{scrartcl}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h]
\renewcommand\arraystretch{2.5} % provide a bit taller rows
\centering
\caption{Gefangenendilemma}
\begin{tabular}{ll | c | c |}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Arbeitgeber}}\\[-2ex]
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Factor1}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Factor2}\\
\cline{3-4}
\multirow{2}{*}{\rotatebox{90}{\textbf{Arbeitnehmer}}}
&Factor1&5\qquad0&4\qquad7\\
\cline{3-4}
&Factor2&2\qquad3&2\qquad4\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{document}

\documentclass[fontsize=12pt,numbers=withenddot,ngerman]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{babel}

\usepackage{multirow}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{tikzmark}

\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{microtype}

\begin{document}
  \begin{table}[!htb]
    \renewcommand\arraystretch{2.5}
    \centering
    \caption{Gefangenendilemma}
    \begin{tabular}{llc|c|}
      & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Arbeitgeber}} \\[-3ex]
      & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Faktor 1}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Faktor 2} \\ \cline{3-4}
      \multirow{2}{*}{\rotatebox{90}{\textbf{Arbeitnehmer}}} & Faktor 1 & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{5\tikzmark{a}} & 4 \\ \cline{3-4}
      & Faktor 2 & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{2} & 2 \\ \cline{2-4}
    \end{tabular}

    \tikz[remember picture] \draw[-latex,overlay] (5,4) node[right] {Text} -- (pic cs:a);
  \end{table}
\end{document}

\documentclass[fontsize=12pt,numbers=withenddot,ngerman]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{babel}

\usepackage{multirow}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{tikzmark}

\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{microtype}

\begin{document}

\begin{table}[h]
\renewcommand\arraystretch{2.5} % provide a bit taller rows
\centering
\caption{Gefangenendilemma}
\hspace{-2.5cm}\begin{tabular}{ll | c | c |}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Arbeitgeber}}\\[-2ex]
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{hoher Einsatz}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Shirking}\\
\cline{3-4}
\multirow{2}{*}{\rotatebox{90}{\textbf{Arbeitnehmer}}}
&hoher Einsatz&5\qquad \big \vert \qquad5&-4\qquad \big \vert \qquad20\\
\cline{3-4}
&Shirking&20\qquad \big \vert \qquad-4&2\qquad \big \vert \qquad2\\
\cline{3-4}
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\end{document}

\documentclass[fontsize=12pt,numbers=withenddot,ngerman]{scrartcl} 
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{microtype}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{matrix}

\begin{document} 
\begin{table}[hb]
  \centering
  \captionabove{Gefangenendilemma}
  \begin{tikzpicture}
    \newcommand\mysize{4em}
    \tikzset{
      tabzelle/.style={inner sep=.5em,minimum width=\mysize}
    }
    \matrix[
      matrix of nodes,
      column sep=-\pgflinewidth,
      row sep=-\pgflinewidth,
      inner sep=0pt,
      nodes={tabzelle,minimum height=\mysize},
      column 1/.style={anchor=base west}
    ](m){
      hoher Einsatz&5&5&-4&20\\
      Shirking&20&-4&2&2\\
    };
    \path[draw]
      % Rahmen um Tabelle
      (m-2-2.south west)rectangle(m.north east)
      (m-2-2.north west)--(m.east)
      (m-1-3.north east)--(m-2-3.south east)
      % Rahmen um Zahlen
      (m-1-5)++(-1em,-1em)rectangle+(2em,2em)
      (m-2-2)++(-1em,-1em)rectangle+(2em,2em)
      (m-2-4)++(-1em,-1em)rectangle+({\mysize+2em},2em)
    ;
    \path[nodes={text depth=\dp\strutbox}]
      % kleine/kurze senkrechte Trennstriche
      foreach \c in {1-2,1-4,2-2,2-4}
        {(m-\c.base east)node[anchor=base]{$\big\vert$}}
      % Zeile oberhalb Tabelle
      (m-1-2.north east)node[above,tabzelle](t1){hoher Einsatz}
      (m-1-4.north east)node[above,tabzelle](t2){Shirking}
    ;
    \path[font=\bfseries\strut]
      % fette Beschriftung ganz oben und links
      (t1.north-|m-1-3.east)node[anchor=south](t3){Arbeitgeber}
      (m.west)node[anchor=south,rotate=90]{Arbeitnehmer}
    ;
    \begin{scope}[->]
      % Pfeile in Tabelle
      \draw(m-1-2.west)++(.5em,0)--+(0,-\mysize);
      \draw(m-1-2.north east)++(0,-.5em)--+({2*\mysize},0);
      \draw(m-1-4.south)++(0,1em)--+(0,-1.5em);
      \draw(m-2-2.south east)++(0,.5em)--+({2*\mysize},0);
    \end{scope}
    % Ausrichten der Tabelle (Bounding Box löschen und neu setzen)
    \pgfresetboundingbox
    \useasboundingbox(m-2-2.south west)rectangle(m.east|-t3.north);
  \end{tikzpicture}
\end{table}
\end{document}