Das ist der Code
\documentclass{scrartcl}
\usepackage{xltxtra}
\defaultfontfeatures{Mapping=tex-text}
% Sprache
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\setdefaultlanguage[spelling=new]{german}
% Mathe
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\begin{document}
\begin{tabular}{c c}
$$P=\frac{a}{b}$$ &
zz
\end{tabular}
\end{document}(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsb.fd)
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l.18 $$P=\frac{a}{b}
$$ &
! Extra }, or forgotten $.
\frac #1#2->{\begingroup #1\endgroup \@@over #2}