Das Beispiel, im Eintrag ist extrem gekürzt. Die Datei um der es bei mir geht, sieht folgendermaßen aus:
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
%%%<
\usepackage{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
% All other packages required
\usepackage{verbatim}
\usetikzlibrary{quotes}
\usetikzlibrary{angles}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usetikzlibrary{babel}
\usetikzlibrary{intersections}
\usepackage{sansmath}
\usetikzlibrary{shadings,intersections}
\usetikzlibrary{calc,fadings,decorations.pathreplacing}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
%%%>
% syntax\Angle{<name linie1>}{<scheitelpunkt>}{<name linie2>}{<radius>}{<optionen für pic>}
\tikzset{ myangle/.style={draw,angle radius=#1,}, myangle/.initial=.5cm,}
\newcommand\Angle[5]{
\path[overlay, name path=c](#2)circle[radius=#4];
\path[name intersections={of=#1 and c,by={HS1}}];
\path[name intersections={of=#3 and c,by={HS3}}];
\pic[myangle=#4,#5]{angle=HS1--#2--HS3};
}
\newcommand\pgfmathsinandcos[3]{%
\pgfmathsetmacro#1{sin(#3)}%
\pgfmathsetmacro#2{cos(#3)}%
}
\newcommand\LongitudePlane[3][current plane]{%
\pgfmathsinandcos\sinEl\cosEl{#2} % elevation
\pgfmathsinandcos\sint\cost{#3} % azimuth
\tikzset{#1/.style={cm={\cost,\sint*\sinEl,0,\cosEl,(0,0)}}}
}
\newcommand\LatitudePlane[3][current plane]{%
\pgfmathsinandcos\sinEl\cosEl{#2} % elevation
\pgfmathsinandcos\sint\cost{#3} % latitude
\pgfmathsetmacro\yshift{\cosEl*\sint}
\tikzset{#1/.style={cm={\cost,0,0,\cost*\sinEl,(0,\yshift)}}} %
}
\newcommand\DrawLongitudeCircle[2][1]{
\LongitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
\tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
% angle of "visibility"
\pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{atan(sin(#2)*cos(\angEl)/sin(\angEl))} %
\draw[current plane] (\angVis:1) arc (\angVis:\angVis+180:1);
\draw[current plane,dashed] (\angVis-180:1) arc (\angVis-180:\angVis:1);
}
\newcommand\DrawLatitudeCircle[2][1]{
\LatitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
\tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
\pgfmathsetmacro\sinVis{sin(#2)/cos(#2)*sin(\angEl)/cos(\angEl)}
% angle of "visibility"
\pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{asin(min(1,max(\sinVis,-1)))}
\draw[current plane] (\angVis:1) arc (\angVis:-\angVis-180:1);
\draw[current plane,dashed] (180-\angVis:1) arc (180-\angVis:\angVis:1);
}
\usepackage{subfig}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
%% document-wide tikz options and styles
\tikzset{%
>=latex, % option for nice arrows
inner sep=0pt,%
outer sep=2pt,%
mark coordinate/.style={inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt,minimum size=3pt,
fill=black,circle}%
}
\usetikzlibrary{external}
\tikzexternalize
\begin{document}
%-----------------------------------------------------------
\tikzsetnextfilename{PoincareKugel}
\begin{tikzpicture}[>={Triangle[length=0pt 9,width=0pt 3]}]
\def\R{2.5} % Radius
\def\angEl{35} % Winkel
\filldraw[ball color=white] (0,0) circle (\R);
\foreach \t in {-45,0,45} { \DrawLatitudeCircle[\R]{\t} }
\foreach \t in {0,45,...,135} { \DrawLongitudeCircle[\R]{\t} }
\coordinate (O) at (0,0);
\draw [thick,->] (O) -- (0,1) node[left] {$\mathbf{S_3}$};
\draw [thick,->] (O) -- (0.8660,-0.5) node[above right] {$\mathbf{S_2}$};
\draw [thick,->] (O) -- (-0.8660,-0.5) node[above left] {$\mathbf{S_1}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
%_________________________________________________________________
%Verzögerungsplatte Strahlteiler (polarisiert)
\tikzsetnextfilename{VerzStrahl}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=5, axis/.style={very thick, ->, >=stealth'}, important line/.style={thick}, dashed line/.style={dashed, thin}, pile/.style={thick, ->, >=stealth', shorten <=2pt, shorten >=2pt}, every node/.style={color=black},scale=0.5]
% define coordinates
\coordinate (A) at (0,0) ;
\coordinate (B) at (2,-1) ;
%grade
\coordinate (C1) at (0.1396,-0.8603) ;
\coordinate (C2) at (1.1937,0.1937) ;
\coordinate (D1) at (0.8062,-1.1937) ;
\coordinate (D2) at (1.8603,-0.1396) ;
&gerade
\coordinate (E1) at (1.1404,-1.3866) ;
\coordinate (E2) at (1.5262,0.0532) ;
\coordinate (F1) at (0.4737,-1.0532) ;
\coordinate (F2) at (0.8595,0.3866) ;
\coordinate (a) at(0.6666,-0.3333);
\coordinate (b) at(1.333,-0.6666);
%ray
\draw [pile] (A) -- (B) node[right] {Sensor};
\node (A) [left] {Laser};
\draw [pile] (F1) -- (F2) node[right] {Verzögerungsplatte};
\draw [thick] (C1) -- (C2) node[right] {E\textsubscript{0,x}};
\draw [pile] (E1) -- (E2) node[right] {Strahlteiler};
\draw [thick] (D1) -- (D2) node[right] {E\textsubscript{0,x}};
\pic["$\Theta_v$", draw=black, thick=3, ->, angle eccentricity=1.2, angle radius=1cm] {angle=C2--a--F2};
\pic["$\Theta_p$", draw=black, thick=3, ->, angle eccentricity=1.2, angle radius=1cm] {angle=D2--b--E2};
\end{tikzpicture}
%----------------------------------------------------------
\tikzsetnextfilename{Pol_Anal}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=5, axis/.style={very thick, ->, >=stealth'}, important line/.style={thick}, dashed line/.style={dashed, thin}, pile/.style={thick, ->, >=stealth', shorten <=2pt, shorten >=2pt}, every node/.style={color=black},scale=0.5]
% define coordinates
\coordinate (A) at (0,0) ;
\coordinate (B) at (2,-1) ;
\coordinate (C1) at (0.1396,-0.8603) ;
\coordinate (C2) at (1.1937,0.1937) ;
\coordinate (D1) at (0.8062,-1.1937) ;
\coordinate (D2) at (1.8603,-0.1396) ;
\coordinate (E1) at (1.1404,-1.3866) ;
\coordinate (E2) at (1.5262,0.0532) ;
\coordinate (F1) at (0.4737,-1.0532) ;
\coordinate (F2) at (0.8595,0.3866) ;
\coordinate (a) at(0.6666,-0.3333);
\coordinate (b) at(1.333,-0.6666);
%ray
\draw [pile] (A) -- (B) node[right] {Sensor};
\node (A) [left] {Laser};
\draw [pile] (F1) -- (F2) node[right] {Polarisator};
\draw [thick] (C1) -- (C2) node[right] {E\textsubscript{0,x}};
\draw [pile] (D1) -- (D2) node[right] {Analysator};
\pic["$\Theta_p$", draw=black, thick=3, ->, angle eccentricity=1.2, angle radius=1cm] {angle=C2--a--F2};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
Das mit -shell-escape habe ich schon drin, sonst würde ich die andern beiden Bilder ja nicht bekommen.
Mit der Version, mein System ist 32 bit System mit Ubuntu 16.04. Wenn jemand einen Tipp hat, für ein aktuelleres TeX Live, dann gern. Ich benutze momentan den alten Texmaker, die aktuelleren Versionen laufen allerdings, soweit ich weis, nur auf 64 bit.