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\documentclass{scrartcl}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{showframe}

%\usetikzlibrary{calc}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  remember picture, 
  overlay% <- hinzugefügt
]
\fill [cyan] 
  (current page.north west) 
    rectangle 
  ([yshift=-48mm]current page.north east)% ohne calc
;

%\fill [cyan] 
%  (current page.north west) 
%    rectangle 
%  ($(current page.north east)+(0,-48mm)$)% mit calc
%;

%\path 
%  (current page.north west) 
%    node [
%      fill=cyan,
%      minimum width=\paperwidth, 
%      minimum height=48mm,
%      anchor=north west% <- hinzugefügt
%    ] (test) {}
%;

%\node[
%  fill=cyan, 
%  minimum width=\paperwidth, 
%  minimum height=48mm, 
%  anchor=north
%] (cvmainrectangle) at (current page.north) {};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

\documentclass[11pt]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{tikz}																									%	Grapifcal package
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usepackage{tikzpagenodes}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, arrows}																	%	TikZ arrows
\usetikzlibrary{calc}																								%	TikZ calculation library
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings}																%	TikZ Decoration library
\usetikzlibrary{intersections}																				%	TikZ Intersection library
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}																					%	TikZ position library
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}																		%	TikZ shapes library
\usepackage{showframe}				%	(De)activate frames and borders
\usepackage{showkeys}				%	(De)activate labels in output

\begin{document}
\noindent
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture]
%\draw[fill=cyan] (current page.north west) rectangle ($(current page header area.north east)+(0,48mm)$);
\path (current page.north west) node[fill=cyan,minimum width=\paperwidth, minimum height=48mm] (test) {};
%\node[rectangle, fill=cyan, minimum width=\paperwidth, minimum height=48mm, anchor=north] (cvmainrectangle) at (current page.north) {};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}