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\documentclass[tikz, border=5pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{selinput}% http://texwelt.de/wissen/fragen/5546
\SelectInputMappings{
	adieresis={ä},
	germandbls={ß}
}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}

\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,shapes,shadows,trees}

\tikzset{font=\sffamily}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
	-Latex,
	edge from parent fork down,% <- eingefügt
	basic/.style = {
		draw, 
		thin, 
		align=center, 
		text width=8em
	},
	root/.style = {
		basic, 
		rounded corners=2pt
	},
	level 1/.style = {
		sibling distance=4.5cm, 
		nodes={
			basic, 
			rounded corners=6pt
		}
	},
	vertical listed box/.style = {
		basic, 
		align=left, 
		text width=9em
	}
]

% root of the the initial tree, level 1
\node[root] {Mischansätze}
% The first level, as children of the initial tree
  child {node (c1) {Fest}}
  child {node (c2) {Nass}}
  child {node (c3) {Sol-Gel}};

% The second level, relatively positioned nodes
\begin{scope}[
	nodes={vertical listed box}, 
	node distance=3.5em,
	first node/.style={xshift=20pt, anchor=base}
]
\node [below of = c1, first node] (c11) {Standardverfahren};
\node [below of = c11] (c12) {Mischen mit\\Eirichmischer};
\node [below of = c12] (c13) {Variation der\\Vormischung};
\node [below of = c13] (c14) {Vordotiertes Glas/Mineral};

\node [below of = c2, first node] (c21) {Standard-Schlicker\\Granulation über Sprühen};

\node [below of = c3, first node] (c31) {Vormischung Sol-Gel};
\node [below of = c31] (c32) {Vertropfen};
\node [below of = c32] (c33) {Reine Sol-Gel-Strecke};
\end{scope}

% lines from each level 1 node to every one of its "children"
\foreach \value in {1,...,4}
	\draw (c1.180) |- (c1\value.west);

\draw (c2.180) |- (c21.west);

\foreach \value in {1,2,3}
	\draw (c3.180) |- (c3\value.west);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

\documentclass[
    BCOR=12mm,
    DIV=18,
    headsepline,
    oneside,
    index=totoc,
    bibliography=totoc,
    listof=totoc,
    openany,
    numbers=noenddot,
    11pt]{scrbook}

\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{tikz}                       %Schemas zeichnen
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes,positioning,shadows,trees}            %settings
\tikzset{
  % Specifications for style of nodes:
            basic/.style  = {draw, text width=3cm, font=\sffamily, rectangle},
            root/.style   = {basic, rounded corners=2pt, thin, align=center},
            level 2/.style = {basic, rounded corners=6pt, thin, align=center, text width=8em},
            level 3/.style = {basic, thin, align=left, text width=7em}}

\begin{document}
 
  \begin{tikzpicture}[
  level 1/.style={sibling distance=40mm},
  edge from parent/.style={->,draw},
  >=latex]

% root of the the initial tree, level 1
\node[root] {Mischansaetze}
% The first level, as children of the initial tree
  child {node[level 2] (c1) {Fest}}
  child {node[level 2] (c2) {Nass}}
  child {node[level 2] (c3) {Sol-Gel}};

% The second level, relatively positioned nodes
\begin{scope}[every node/.style={level 3}]
\node [below of = c1, xshift=15pt] (c11) {Standardverfahren};
\node [below of = c11] (c12) {Mischen mit Eirichmischer};
\node [below of = c12] (c13) {Variation der Vormischung};
\node [below of = c13] (c14) {Vordotiertes Glas/Mineral};

\node [below of = c2, xshift=15pt] (c21) {Standard-Schlicker\\Granulation ueber Spruehen};


\node [below of = c3, xshift=15pt] (c31) {Vormischung Sol-Gel};
\node [below of = c31] (c32) {Vertropfen};
\node [below of = c32] (c33) {Reine Sol-Gel-Strecke};

\end{scope}

% lines from each level 1 node to every one of its "children"
\foreach \value in {1,2,3,4}
  \draw[->] (c1.195) |- (c1\value.west);

\foreach \value in {1,...,1}
  \draw[->] (c2.195) |- (c2\value.west);

\foreach \value in {1,...,3}
  \draw[->] (c3.195) |- (c3\value.west);
\end{tikzpicture}
 
 
\end{document}