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\documentclass{article} %
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{verbatim}

\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes,backgrounds}

\begin{document}
% For every picture that defines or uses external nodes, you'll have to
% apply the 'remember picture' style. To avoid some typing, we'll apply
% the style to all pictures.
\tikzstyle{every picture}+=[remember picture]
\tikzstyle{na} = [baseline=-.5ex]





    \begin{minipage}{0.4\paperwidth}
        % define source coordinates
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Anode \tikz[na] \coordinate (s-anode);
            \item Cathode \tikz[na] \coordinate (s-cathode);
            \item Saline bridge \tikz[na] \coordinate (s-bridge);
        \end{itemize}
        
    \end{minipage}%Hier kein Umbruch
    \begin{minipage}{0.45\paperwidth}
        % Use a background grid to make it easier to find coordinates
        % When the coordinates have been found, remove the 
        % 'show background grid' option. 
        \tikzstyle{background grid}=[draw, black!50,step=.5cm]
        \begin{tikzpicture}[show background grid]
            % Put the graphic inside a node. This makes it easy to place the
            % graphic and to draw on top of it. 
            % The above right option is used to place the lower left corner
            % of the image at the (0,0) coordinate. 
            \node [inner sep=0pt,above right] 
                {\rule{4cm}{4cm}};
            % show origin
            \fill (0,0) circle (2pt);
            % define destination coordinates
            \path (0.7,2) coordinate (cathode)
                  (2,1.8) coordinate (bridge)
                  (2.75,2.5) coordinate (anode);
        \end{tikzpicture}
    \end{minipage}

% define overlays
% Note the use of the overlay option. This is required when 
% you want to access nodes in different pictures.
\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
        \path[->,red,thick] (s-anode) edge [bend left] (anode);
        \path[->,blue,thick] (s-cathode) edge [bend left] (cathode);
        \path[->,red,thick] (s-bridge) edge [out=0, in=-90] (bridge);
\end{tikzpicture}



\end{document}

\documentclass{article} %
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
             \node [inner sep=0pt,above right] at (5,0)
                {\rule{4cm}{4cm}};
                 \path[->,red,thick, shorten <= 5pt] (0,2) edge [bend left]  (6,2) node {bla};
                 \path[->,blue,thick, shorten <= 7pt] (10,2) edge [bend left]  (7,3) node {bla};
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
	
	\begin{tikzpicture}
            \node [inner sep=0pt,above right] {\includegraphics[width=4cm]{zelle.png}};
                
           % Zielkoordinaten
            \path (0.7,2) coordinate (zellwand)
                  (2,1.8) coordinate (zellmembran)
	\end{tikzpicture}	
	
\end{minipage}

\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}

	\begin{itemize}
            \item Zellwand \tikz[na] \coordinate (s-zellwand);
            \item Zellmembran \tikz[na] \coordinate (s-zellmembran);
	\end{itemize}

	\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay]
                \path[->,red,thick] (s-zellwand) edge [bend left] (zellwand);
                \path[->,blue,thick] (s-zellmembran) edge [bend left] (zellmembran);
        \end{tikzpicture}

\end{minipage}